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Bringing back birdwings ĐŽůŽƵƌĨƵůƐƵĐĐĞƐƐƐƚŽƌLJĂƚƚŚĞ&ŽƌĞƐƚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞDĂůĂLJƐŝĂ dydz,KK/Ͳ<,/DW,KE͕>hZE'͘</ZdKE͕:KEEW͘͘dEΘz͘EKZDͲZ^,/ /D'^z,KK/Ͳ<,/DW,KE͕>hZE'͘</ZdKEΘ^/E<,KKE<,t THE BUTTERFLY tribe Troidini has among ƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƐǁĂůůŽǁƚĂŝůďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐĮǀĞDĂůĂLJƐŝĂŶŐĞŶĞƌĂ͗ Trogonoptera, Troides, Atrophaneura, Losaria and Pachliopta. The species called birdwings are from the genera Trogonoptera and Troides͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĮǀĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ in Peninsular Malaysia – Trogonoptera brookiana;ZĂũĂŚƌŽŽŬĞ͛ƐďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐͿ͕Troides helena;ĐŽŵŵŽŶďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐͿ͕T. aeacus (golden ďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐͿ͕T. amphrysus (Malayan birdwing) and T. cuneifer (great mountain birdwing). The species known as batwings are Atrophaneura sycorax (white-headed ďĂƚǁŝŶŐͿ͕ A. varuna (common batwing) and A. nox (Malayan batwing). The clubtails comprise Losaria coon (common clubtail) and L. neptunus (yellow-bodied clubtail). The remaining species in the Troidini is Pachliopta aristolochiae (common rose). All ƚŚĞƐĞďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐĂƌĞƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽĨŽƌĞƐƚƐŽƌ forest fringes. dŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚƐŽĨƚŚĞ&ŽƌĞƐƚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ DĂůĂLJƐŝĂ;&Z/DͿ͕<ĞƉŽŶŐǁĂƐŽŶĐĞĂŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĨŽƌĞƐƚ͕ďƵƚǁĂƐĐŽŶǀĞƌƚĞĚŝŶƚŽǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞ ĨĂƌŵƐĂŶĚĂƟŶŵŝŶŝŶŐĂƌĞĂĂďŽƵƚĂĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ ĂŐŽďĞĨŽƌĞďĞŝŶŐĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚ͘/ŶϭϵϮϱ͕ǁŝƚŚ the establishment of the Forest Research /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ;&Z/Ϳ͕ƚŚĞ&ŽƌĞƐƚƌLJĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐĞƚ up experimental plots in which indigenous 72 Malaysian Naturalist forest trees introduced from the wild were ƉůĂŶƚĞĚ͘dŚĞƉůĂŶƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĨŽƌĞƐƚƚƌĞĞƐ ĂƌĞŶŽǁǁĞůůĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ͕ŽŌĞŶǁŝƚŚĂŶ understorey of small trees and herbaceous ƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌĨŽƌŵŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚ man-made tropical forests in the world. ŵŽŶŐƚŚĞďƵƩĞƌŇLJƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚ ĂďŽǀĞ͕ŽŶůLJĨŽƵƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁĞƌĞƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚŝŶ FRIM in a census published in 1982. They ǁĞƌĞƚŚĞŐŽůĚĞŶďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐ;ŵŝƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĂƐƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐͿ͕ƚŚĞDĂůĂLJĂŶ ďĂƚǁŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶĐůƵďƚĂŝůĂŶĚƚŚĞ common rose. The yellow-bodied clubtail ǁĂƐƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚƐŽŵĞLJĞĂƌƐůĂƚĞƌ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ĂƉĂƌƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶĂůƐŝŐŚƟŶŐŽĨƚŚĞ ŐŽůĚĞŶďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐ͕ŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐ ŚĂǀĞŶŽƚďĞĞŶƐĞĞŶŝŶ&Z/DĨŽƌƐĞǀĞƌĂůLJĞĂƌƐ͘ This could be due to a lack of food resources ĨŽƌďŽƚŚƚŚĞĂĚƵůƚƐĂŶĚůĂƌǀĂĞ;ĐĂƚĞƌƉŝůůĂƌƐͿ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐ͘ Providing host and nectar plants FRIM has become a popular ecotourism site ĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐ͕ĂŶĚƉĞƌŚĂƉƐƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞůĂƌŐĞƐǁĂůůŽǁƚĂŝůďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐĐĂŶďĞ ĂŶĂĚĚĞĚĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶ͘dŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚĂƚ͕ƚŚĞ ĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞĂŶĚǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐ ŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ͕ĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƚŚĂƚ ŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶůŽƐƚŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞďƌŽƵŐŚƚďĂĐŬďLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƐĂŶĚ preferred nectar plants. Female common birdwing (Troides helena) JANUARY 2015 73 About a year before the study ďĞŐĂŶ͕Aristolochia acuminata͕ ƚŚĞŶĂƟǀĞƵƚĐŚŵĂŶ͛ƐƉŝƉĞ͕ had been propagated from ƐŽŵĞƐĞĞĚƐŬŝŶĚůLJƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJ ĂƚŽ͛,ĞŶƌLJĂƌůŽǁ͘dŚŝƐƉůĂŶƚ species is known as one of the hosts of a number of Troidini. ŌĞƌĂLJĞĂƌ͕ƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞƉůĂŶƚĞĚ beside pergolas in front of the /ŶƐĞĐƚĂƌLJĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞLJŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ǀĞƌLJǁĞůů͘ On the pergola in front of ƚŚĞ/ŶƐĞĐƚĂƌLJ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂůƐŽ Bauhinia kockiana ǀŝŶĞƐ;ƌĞĚ ƚƌĂŝůŝŶŐďĂƵŚŝŶŝĂͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂĚ been planted some years ĞĂƌůŝĞƌ͘/ƚŇŽǁĞƌƐĂůŵŽƐƚ throughout the year and had ĂƩƌĂĐƚĞĚƚŚĞŐŽůĚĞŶďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐ ĞǀĞŶďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞƵƚĐŚŵĂŶ͛Ɛ pipe was planted. Top: Female common batwing (Atrophaneura varuna) Right: Atrophaneura varuna pupa ŽƩŽŵ͗ ZĞĚƚƌĂŝůŝŶŐďĂƵŚŝŶŝĂ͕ŽŶĞ of the species preferred by birdwings ZĞƚƵƌŶŽĨƚŚĞďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐ The garden grounds of the Alexandra Hospital in Singapore are an example of this. There the common birdwing has become ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵŵŽŶůLJǀŝƐŝďůĞĂŌĞƌƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶƟŶŐŽĨŝƚƐůĂƌǀĂůŚŽƐƚĂŶĚĂĚƵůƚŶĞĐƚĂƌ ƉůĂŶƚƐ͘>ĂƌǀĂůŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƐĂƌĞƚŚĞƉůĂŶƚƐŽŶ ǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞĐĂƚĞƌƉŝůůĂƌƐĨĞĞĚ͕ĂŶĚĂĚƵůƚŶĞĐƚĂƌ ƉůĂŶƚƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŇŽǁĞƌŝŶŐƉůĂŶƚƐƚŚĂƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ŶĞĐƚĂƌĂƐĂƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨĨŽŽĚĨŽƌƚŚĞďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐ͘ ,ŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞdƌŽŝĚŝŶŝŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶǁĞůů ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĞĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶ ƚŚĞŝƌƉƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚŶĞĐƚĂƌƉůĂŶƚƐŝƐƐƟůůůĂĐŬŝŶŐ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ĂƐƚƵĚLJĐŽŵŵĞŶĐĞĚŝŶϮϬϭϭƚŽ determine the preferred nectar plants of ƚŚĞƐĞďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐƐ͘dŚĞ study showed that among the nectar plants ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ͕ƚŚĞďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐƐƉƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ from the genera Bauhinia and Saraca. Seedlings of these plants were brought ďĂĐŬĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĮĞůĚĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶ FRIM’s Insectary. 74 Malaysian Naturalist >ĞƐƐƚŚĂŶĂLJĞĂƌĂŌĞƌ ƚŚĞƵƚĐŚŵĂŶ͛ƐƉŝƉĞǁĂƐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉůĂŶƚĞĚ͕ĂĨĞǁTroides ďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐƐǁĞƌĞŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚŇLJŝŶŐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞŵ͕ĂŶĚƚǁŽďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐ pupae were found on the plants. The adults that emerged were the ŐŽůĚĞŶďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐ͘&ŽƵƌŵŽŶƚŚƐůĂƚĞƌ͕ůĂƌŐĞ numbers of golden birdwing caterpillars were ĨŽƵŶĚŽŶƚŚĞǀŝŶĞƐ͘dŚĞLJĂůŵŽƐƚĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJ consumed the plants. The golden birdwing ĨĞĞĚƐŶŽƚŽŶůLJŽŶƚŚĞƵƚĐŚŵĂŶ͛ƐƉŝƉĞďƵƚ ĂůƐŽŽŶĂŶŽƚŚĞƌŚŽƐƚ͕dŚŽƩĞĂƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ grows naturally on the hillsides of FRIM. LJĞĂƌůĂƚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶďĂƚǁŝŶŐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐ ŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌĂĐŽŵŵŽŶďƵƩĞƌŇLJŝŶWĞŶŝŶƐƵůĂƌ DĂůĂLJƐŝĂ͕ǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚůĂLJŝŶŐĞŐŐƐŽŶŽŶĞŽĨ ƚŚĞƉůĂŶƚƐ͘dŚŝƐǁĂƐƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƌĞĐŽƌĚŽĨƚŚŝƐ ďƵƩĞƌŇLJŝŶƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚƐŽĨ&Z/D͘dŚŝƐLJĞĂƌ͕ the common birdwing was found breeding on the plants too. This species was reported occurring from FRIM in the 1982 published ĐŚĞĐŬůŝƐƚ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞƌĞĐŽƌĚǁĂƐĂĐƚƵĂůůLJďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶƚŚĞŵŝƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŐŽůĚĞŶďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐ͘ The common rose was recorded breeding on ƚŚĞƉůĂŶƚƐĂƐǁĞůů͘KĐĐĂƐŝŽŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞŵĂůĞƐ of the well-known Rajah Brooke’s ďŝƌĚǁŝŶŐŚĂǀĞĂůƐŽ ďĞĞŶŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ŇLJŝŶŐĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞ two buildings. This species was not recorded in the 1982 checklist. Colourful ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶ Without introducing ĂŶLJďƵƩĞƌŇLJƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ ďƵƚďLJƉůĂŶƟŶŐĂ suitable host plant ĂŶĚŶĞĐƚĂƌƉůĂŶƚ͕ƚŚĞ number of species of Troidini recorded from FRIM has risen ƚŽĞŝŐŚƚ͕ŽƵƚŽĨĂ total of 11 species that occur in Peninsular Malaysia. It is likely that all the species newly recorded in FRIM used to occur in the natural forests that once grew in the grounds before they were ĐůĞĂƌĞĚĨŽƌĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵŝŶŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚĐŽƵůĚ ŚĂǀĞĞdžƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĂŶŐĞŝŶƚŽ&Z/DĨƌŽŵ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐŶĞĂƌďLJĨŽƌĞƐƚƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĂƌĞĂƐŽĨ ƵŬŝƚ>ĂŐŽŶŐ&ŽƌĞƐƚZĞƐĞƌǀĞďĞLJŽŶĚ&Z/D͕ and Templer’s Park. tŝƚŚŝŶƚŚƌĞĞLJĞĂƌƐ͕ĨŽƵƌƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨdƌŽŝĚŝŶŝ were found feeding on one species ŽĨƉůĂŶƚĞĚŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘Aristolochia acuminata͕ŽŶƚŚĞ&Z/DŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ͘dŚĞ ǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƐĞďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐŚĂƐĂůƐŽ increased. Although the birdwings are not seen in great numbers and are mainly seen ĚƵƌŝŶŐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶŵŽŶƚŚƐ͕ƚŚĞďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌĂŶĚ ůŝĨĞƐƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐĐĂŶďĞŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ƵƉĐůŽƐĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉůĂŶƟŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌŚŽƐƚĂŶĚ nectar plants on pergolas. When these large ďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐĨĞĞĚŽŶŶĞĐƚĂƌĂƚĂŇŽǁĞƌ͕ƚŚĞLJ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽŇƵƩĞƌƚŚĞŝƌǁŝŶŐƐŶŽŶͲƐƚŽƉ͕ ŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐLJƚŽƐƉŽƚďLJǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐ͘ Their presence can certainly be an added ĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞĐŽƚŽƵƌŝƐŵ͘DŽƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚůLJ͕ ƚŚĞƉůĂŶƟŶŐŽĨƚŚĞŚŽƐƚĂŶĚŶĞĐƚĂƌƉůĂŶƚƐ ĂůƐŽƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘ƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJ͕ &Z/DŝƐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƟŶŐƚŚĞůŝĨĞƐƚĂŐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨdƌŽŝĚŝŶŝƚŚĂƚďƌĞĞĚŝŶŝƚƐŐƌŽƵŶĚƐ͕ as well as their yearly seasonality and abundance. Top: Female common rose swallowtail (Pachliopta aristolochiae) Right: Troides aeacus caterpillar Acknowledgements tĞĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨƚŚĞDĂůĂLJƐŝĂŶ&ŽƌĞƐƚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĂƌĚ͕ƚŚĞDĂůĂLJƐŝĂŶĐŽŶŽŵŝĐWůĂŶŶŝŶŐhŶŝƚ͕ƚŚĞDŝŶŝƐƚƌLJŽĨEĂƚƵƌĂů ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƚŚĞWŽƐƚŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ'ƌĂŶƚŽĨhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟDĂůĂLJĂ͘ tĞĂƌĞĂůƐŽŐƌĂƚĞĨƵůƚŽƚŚĞůŽĐĂů^ĞŵĂŝĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŽĨhůƵ'ĞƌŽŚĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨŽƵƌ ƐƚƵĚLJŝŶƚŚĞŝƌǀŝůůĂŐĞ͘tĞƚŚĂŶŬƚŚĞ&ŽƌĞƐƚƌLJĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐŽĨWĞƌĂŬĂŶĚEĞŐĞƌŝ^ĞŵďŝůĂŶ ĨŽƌĂůůŽǁŝŶŐƵƐƚŽĐŽŶĚƵĐƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶĨŽƌĞƐƚƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ͘dŚĂŶŬƐĂůƐŽŐŽƚŽƚŚĞƐƚĂīŽĨ ƚŚĞŶƚŽŵŽůŽŐLJƌĂŶĐŚŽĨ&Z/DĨŽƌŝŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞĮĞůĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͕ĂŶĚƚŽ^ŽŶŶLJtŽŶŐŽĨƚŚĞ DĂůĂLJƐŝĂŶEĂƚƵƌĞ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJĨŽƌŚŝƐŚĞůƉŝŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐǁĂLJƐ͘<ĂŵĂƌƵĚŝŶ^ĂůĞŚĨƌŽŵŽƚĂŶLJ hŶŝƚŽĨ&Z/DĂŶĚ<ŚĂŝƌƵĚĚŝŶ<ĂŵĂƌƵĚĚŝŶĨƌŽŵ<ĞƉŽŶŐŽƚĂŶŝĐĂů'ĂƌĚĞŶŽĨ&Z/DŚĞůƉĞĚ ƵƐǁŝƚŚƉůĂŶƚŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘tĞĂƌĞĂůƐŽŐƌĂƚĞĨƵůƚŽ^ŝŶ<ŚŽŽŶ<ŚĞǁĨŽƌƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨŚŝƐ ƉŚŽƚŽƐŽĨƚŚĞĂĚƵůƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŽŵŵŽŶĂƚǁŝŶŐ͕ŽŵŵŽŶŝƌĚǁŝŶŐĂŶĚŽŵŵŽŶZŽƐĞ͘ References ŽƌďĞƚ͕͘^͘ΘWĞŶĚůĞďƵƌLJ͕,͘D͘;ϭϵϵϮͿ͘dŚĞďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞDĂůĂLJWĞŶŝŶƐƵůĂ͘&ŽƵƌƚŚ   ĞĚŝƟŽŶ͘Ě͘ůŝŽƚ͕:͘E͘DĂůĂLJĂŶEĂƚƵƌĞ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ͘ϱϵϱƉƉ͘ /ŐĂƌĂƐŚŝ͕^͘Θ&ƵŬƵĚĂ͕,͘;ϭϵϵϳͿ͘dŚĞůŝĨĞŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĞƐŽĨƐŝĂŶďƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐ͘sŽůƵŵĞϭ͘dŽŬĂŝ   hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͕dŽŬLJŽ͕:ĂƉĂŶ͘ϱϰϵƉƉ͘ <ŚĞǁ͕^͘<͘;ϮϬϬϴͿ͘ƵƩĞƌŇLJWŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJĂŶĚtĂƚĐŚŝŶŐĂƚŽƵƌ>ŽĐĂůWĂƌŬƐ͘&ĞĂƚƵƌŝŶŐ͗   ůĞdžĂŶĚƌĂ,ŽƐƉŝƚĂůƵƩĞƌŇLJdƌĂŝů͘ƵƩĞƌŇŝĞƐŽĨ^ŝŶŐĂƉŽƌĞƐŝƚĞĂƚďƵƩĞƌŇLJĐŝƌĐůĞ͘   ďůŽŐƐƉŽƚ͘ĐŽŵͬϮϬϬϴͬϬϳͬďƵƩĞƌŇLJͲƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚLJͲĂƚͲŽƵƌͲůŽĐĂů͘Śƚŵů͘ dŚŽ͕z͘W͘ΘDĂŚLJƵĚŝŶ͕͘;ϭϵϴϮͿ͘dŚĞďƵƩĞƌŇLJĨĂƵŶĂŽĨƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚƐŽĨƚŚĞ&ŽƌĞƐƚ   ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͗ƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƌĞĐŽƌĚ͘DĂůĂLJĂŶEĂƚƵƌĞ:ŽƵƌŶĂůϯϱ͗ϳϳʹϴϭ͘ JANUARY 2015 75