Native Plants
Casuarina equisetifolia
Ru
LC
Least Concern
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2019
LC
Least Concern
Malaysia Plant Red List
Peninsular Malaysia
2021
LC
Least Concern
Peninsular Malaysia Plant Red List *
2010
Taxonomy
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Kingdom
-
Division
-
Class
-
Order
-
Family
-
Genus
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Specific Epithetequisetifolia L., G.Forst. & J.R.Forst.
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Vernacular Name
- Ai Samara (Bahasa Indonesia)
- Aru (Malay)
- Australian Oak (English)
- Australian Pine (English)
- Beefwood (English)
- Camara (Bahasa Indonesia)
- Cemara Laut (Malay)
- Cemara Laut (Bahasa Indonesia)
- Coast She-oak (English)
- Common Ru (English)
- Eru (Malay)
- Haru (Bahasa Indonesia)
- Horsetail (English)
- Ironwood (English)
- Queensland Swap Oak (English)
- Rhu Laut (Malay)
- Rhu Pantai (Malay)
- Ru (Malay)
- Ru Laut (Malay)
- Ru Pantai (Malay)
- Waru (Malay)
- Whistling Pine (English)
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ResidentialNative
The taxonomic status is pending for approval
Description
Casuarina equisetifolia is a small to a very big tree, which belongs to the family Casuarinaceae. It is commonly known as ru in Malay. It is measured around 5-70 m tall, 27-200 cm diameter, with buttress up to 76 cm high. The bark is greyish brown to grey, sometimes pale red or black, finely scaly-fissured to irregularly coarsely scaly-fissured. The sapwood is yellowish to yellow and hard. There are around 6-8 scale leaves per node, broadest at the hairy base. The male inflorescences are simple elongated spikes, measured up to 9 cm long, while the female inflorescences are ellipsoid, measured up to 6 mm long and 4 mm diameter. The fruit or more commonly known as samaroid nut is broadly elliptic, transparent, pale yellow-brown, and measured around 3.5 cm long.
The genus Casuarina derived its name from a Latin word, casuarinus meaning the green twigs resembling feathers of the cassowary. Meanwhile, the species epithet derived its name from two Latin words, Equisetum meaning the horsetails, and folius meaning leaf, both words referring the foliage resembling Equisetum.
This tree is widely spread from Myanmar and Vietnam, throughout Malesia to Australia, and thence to Melanesia, and Polynesia. It occurs naturally along tropical and subtropical sandy coastlines and acts as a windbreak for coastal resorts (Nor-Ezzawanis, 2010).
Habitats
| No | Description | Suitability | Seasonality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Vegetation → Coastal Vegetation
|
Unknown | Unknown |
References : http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes/habitats-classification-scheme-ver3
Assessment
| Year Published | Assessment | Red List Category | Version |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Malaysia Plant Red List |
Least Concern (LC)
Peninsular Malaysia
|
N/A |
| 2019 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Least Concern (LC)
|
N/A |
| 2010 | Peninsular Malaysia Plant Red List |
Least Concern (LC)
|
N/A |
Structure
Flower (Female)
Color
Pink
Red
Location
by State Location
- Johore 4
- Kedah 1
- Pahang 2
- Penang 1
- Perak 1
- Sarawak 1
- Terengganu 2
- Federal Territories of Putrajaya 1
Based on publications, specimens, and images
Biodiversity Experts
| Profile | |
|---|---|
|
Ahmad Aldrie Amir (Dr.)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
|
Vascular,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Conservation, Ecosystems, Environment, Evolution, Forest, History, Law and Policy, Management, Marine & Coastal, Protected Areas & Science
|
|
Alona Cuevas Linatoc (Assoc. Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
|
Vascular,
Biodiversity & Conservation
|
|
Anisah Lee Abdullah (Assoc. Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)
|
Coral Reefs, Vascular,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Conservation, Ecosystems, Environment, Geoinformatics, Management, Marine & Coastal, Protected Areas, Science, Technology & Water
|
|
Asyraf Mansor (Dr.)
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)
|
Palms, Vascular (Ecology),
Biodiversity, Conservation, Ecosystems, Environment, Evolution & Forest
|
|
Avelinah Julius (Dr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy),
|
|
Chan Yoke Mui (Dr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Palms (Ecology), Vascular (Ecology),
Conservation, Biodiversity, Forest & Genetics
|
|
Cheah Yih Horng (Mr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Moss, Vascular,
Biodiversity & Systematics
|
|
Chew Ming Yee (Ms.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular,
|
|
Chong Ju Lian (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)
|
Mammals (Ecology), Vascular (Ecology),
Invasive Alien Species, Protected Areas, Digital Sequence Information (DSI), Marine & Coastal & Climate Change
|
|
E. Soepadmo (Prof.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular,
|
|
Vascular,
|
|
|
John Baptist Sugau (Mr.)
Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia (JPSM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy),
|
|
Kartini Binti Saibeh (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
|
Vascular,
Agriculture, Biodiversity & Conservation
|
|
Lau Kah Hoo (Mr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular, Ginger,
Conservation
|
|
Lillian Chua Swee Lian (Dr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular,
Conservation
|
|
Lim Chung Lu (Mr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy),
|
|
Mahani Bt. Mansor Clyde (Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
|
Vascular,
|
|
Mohamad Azani Alias (Assoc. Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy), Vascular, Vascular, Amphibians, Amphibians,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Climate Change, Protected Areas & Forest
|
|
Mohd Fahmi Abu Bakar (Ts. Dr.)
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA)
|
Vascular,
Digital Sequence Information (DSI), Evolution, Genetics, Molecular & Systematics
|
|
Mohd Nazre Salleh @ Japri (Assoc. Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)
|
Vascular,
Biodiversity
|
|
Mohd Norfaizal Ghazalli (Dr.)
Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI)
|
Vascular, Pitcher plants,
Agriculture, Biodiversity, Conservation, Ecosystems, Science, Systematics & Taxonomy
|
|
Nadiah Idris (Mrs.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy),
|
|
Nazahatul Anis Amaludin (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK)
|
Vascular (Ecology),
Biodiversity & Conservation
|
|
Nor Ezzawanis Abdullah Thani (Mrs.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy),
Digital Sequence Information (DSI)
|
|
Norzielawati Bt. Salleh (Mrs.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular,
Biodiversity, Forest & Molecular
|
|
Nur Kyariatul Syafinie Abdul Majid (Ms.)
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK)
|
Vascular (Ecology),
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Conservation, Forest & Protected Areas
|
|
Nur Supardi Md Noor (Dr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Palms, Vascular,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Conservation, Ecosystems, Environment, Forest & Management
|
|
Ong Poh Teck (Mr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy), Orchids,
|
|
Rafidah Abdul Rahman (Mrs.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy),
|
|
Richard Chung Cheng Kong (Dr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy),
|
|
Rusea Go (Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)
|
Orchids (Taxonomy), Vascular (Taxonomy), Vascular (Ecology),
Biodiversity, Conservation, Environment, Forest, Management, Protected Areas, Climate Change & Invasive Alien Species
|
|
Sam Yen Yen (Dr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy), Ginger,
|
|
Saw Leng Guan (Dr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular,
|
|
Shamsul Khamis (Dr.)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy),
Taxonomy
|
|
Siti Aishah Abdullah (Assoc. Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)
|
Vascular,
|
|
Siti Munirah Mat Yunoh (Mrs.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy),
Marine & Coastal
|
|
Suhaida Mustafa (Mrs.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular (Ecology),
Conservation
|
|
Syahida Emiza Suhaimi (Mrs.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular,
|
|
Syazwani Bt. Azeman (Mrs.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular,
Biodiversity, Forest & Science
|
|
Tam Sheh May (Dr.)
Taylor's University
|
Orchids, Vascular,
Biodiversity, Data Analysis, Evolution, Genetics & Molecular
|
|
Tan Swee Lian (Dr.)
Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM)
|
Vascular (Ecology),
Agriculture & Biodiversity
|
|
Ummul Nazrah Abdul Rahman (Ms.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular (Taxonomy),
|
|
Wendy Yong Sze Yee (Ms.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular,
Conservation & Biodiversity
|
|
Yao Tze Leong (Mr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Vascular,
Biodiversity & Ecosystems
|
|
Yong Kien Thai (Dr.)
University of Malaya (UM)
|
Moss, Vascular (Taxonomy), Ferns (Taxonomy),
Protected Areas, Biodiversity, Conservation, Evolution & Taxonomy
|
PM - Peninsular Malaysia; SBH - Sabah; SWK - Sarawak; SEA - Southeast Asia; W - World;
References
Article
- Ang, L.H. (1994). Problems and Prospects of Afforestation on Sandy Tin Tailings in Peninsular Malaysia. 7 (1), 87-105
- Binu, N.K., Ashokan, P.K. & Balasundaran, M. (2015). Influence of Different Abbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Shade on Growth of Sandal (Santalum album) Seedlings. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 27 (2), 158-165
- Latiff, A., Faridah-Hanum, I., Zainudin Ibrahim, A., Goh, M.W.K., Loo, A.H.B. & Tan, H.T.W. (1999). On the Vegetation and Flora of Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplements (6), 11-72
- Otuba, M. & Johansson, K.E. (2016). Understorey Plant Diversity under Seven Tropical and Subtropical Plantation Species. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 28 (2), 107-111
- Senterre, B., Chew, M.Y. & Chung, R.C.K. (2015). Flora and vegetation of Pulau Babi Tengah, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Check List: The Journal of Biodiversity Data 11 (4), 1-15
- Uma, M., Saravanan, T.S. & Rajendran, K. (2014). Growth, Litterfall and Litter Decomposition of Casuarina equisetifolia in A Semiarid Zone. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 26 (1), 125-133
- Ye, G.F., Zhang, S.J., Zhang, L.H., Lin, Y.M., Wei, S.D., Liao, M.M. & Lin, G.H. (2012). Age-Related Changes in Nutrient Resorption Patterns and Tannin Concentration of Casuarina equisetifolia Plantations. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 24 (4), 546-556
Book
- Island Life: A Natural History of Pulau Tengah, Johor, Malaysia, 2018. WS Lifestyle, Singapore. pp. 163.
- Laporan kajian penilaian outcome program penanaman pokok bakau dan spesies-spesies yang sesuai di pesisiran pantai negara, 2014. Kementerian Sumber Asli Dan Alam Sekitar, Putrajaya, Malaysia. pp. 218. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Malaysian Naturalist, Volume 74, Issue/No. 4, 2021. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. pp. 311.
- Mangrove Guidebook for Malaysia, 2015. Wetlands International, Malaysia. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Pelan Pengurusan Hidupan Liar Putrajaya, 1998. PERHILITAN & Perbadanan Putrajaya, Malaysia. pp. 100.
- Penanaman Dan Pemuliharaan Hutan Bakau Dan Pesisiran Pantai : Panduan Untuk Komuniti, 2009. Wetlands International-Malaysia, Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 70.
- Abd. Latif, M., Awang, M.R., Mohti, A., Zawiah, N., Nordahlia, A.S., Norain, M.A & Liza, I (2020). Flora Mercu Tanda Negeri-negeri Di Malaysia. Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia.
- Abdul Rahman, A.R., Koh, H.L., Muhamad, A., Wan Yusof, W.K. & Latiff, A. (2011). Hutan Simpan Melaka: Pengurusan Hutan, Persekitaran Fizikal, Kepelbagaian Biologi dan Socio-ekonomi. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 315.
- Boo, C.M., Omar-Hor, K. & Ou-Yang, C.L. (2003). 1001 Garden Plants in Singapore. National Parks Board, Singapore. pp. 501.
- Chew, M.Y., Salleh, N., Azeman, S., Yap, J.W., Sam, Y.Y. & Chung, R.C.K. (2021). Wayside Trees: The Natural Pillars and Roofs of the Perdana Botanical Garden. Kuala Lumpur City Hall and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 182.
- Kiew, R., Chung, R.C.K., Saw, L.G., Soepadmo, E. & Boyce, P.C. (2010). Flora of Peninsular Malaysia, Series II: Seed Plants, Volume 1. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. pp. 329.
- Mohd Afendi, H., Marzalina, M., Tariq Mubarak, H. & Wan Tarmeze, W. A. (2013). Tumbuhan Pesisir Pantai: Fenologi dan Penyediaan Bahan Tanaman. Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia (FRIM). pp. 120.
- Ong, S.P. & Sajap, A.S. (2018). Ekologi, Populasi dan Pengurusan Anai-anai Perosak Pokok Ru di Pesisiran Pantai Semenanjung Malaysia. Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 73. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Ong, H.C. (2004). Tumbuhan Liar: Khasiat & Kegunaan Lain. Utusan Publications & Distribution Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. pp. 241.
- Phang, S.M., Affendi, Y.A., Ooi, J.L.S. & Haji, A.J.M. (2008). Natural History of The Pulau Tioman Group of Islands. Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, Malaysia. pp. 292.
- Soepadmo, E., Wong, K.M. & Saw, L.G. (1996). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, Volume 2. Sabah Forestry Department, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Sarawak Forestry Department, Malaysia. pp. 443.
- Yong, W.S.Y., Chua, L.S.L., Lau, K.H., Siti-Nur Fatinah, K., Cheah, Y.H., Yao, T.L., Rafidah, A.R., Lim, C.L., Syahida-Emiza, S., Ummul Nazrah, A.R., Nor-Ezzawanis, A.T., Chew, M.Y., Siti Munirah, M.Y., Julius, A., Phoon, S.N., Sam, Y.Y., Nadiah, I., Ong, P.T., Sarah Nabila, R., Suhaida, M., Muhammad-Alif Azyraf, A., Siti Eryani, S., Yap, J.W., Jutta, M., Azeman, S., Salleh, N., Kiew, R. & Chung, R.C.K. (2021). Malaysia Red List: Plants of Peninsular Malaysia, Volume 1, Issue/No. 1. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. pp. 107.
- Yong, W.S.Y., Chua, L.S.L., Lau, K.H., Siti-Nur Fatinah, K., Cheah, Y.H., Yao, T.L., Rafidah, A.R., Lim, C.L., Syahida-Emiza, S., Ummul Nazrah, A.R., Nor-Ezzawanis, A.T., Chew, M.Y., Siti Munirah, M.Y., Julius, A., Phoon, S.N., Sam, Y.Y., Nadiah, I., Ong, P.T., Sarah Nabila, R., Suhaida, M., Muhammad-Alif Azyraf, A., Siti Eryani, S., Yap, J.W., Jutta, M., Azeman, S., Salleh, N., Kiew, R. & Chung, R.C.K. (2021). Malaysia Red List: Plants of Peninsular Malaysia, Volume 1, Issue/No. 2. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. pp. 316, 753.
Chapter in book
- Pemuliharaan dan Pengurusan Hidupan Liar. In Pelan Pengurusan Hidupan Liar Putrajaya. PERHILITAN & Perbadanan Putrajaya. pp. 53-90.
Legislation
Magazine/Bulletin
- Durability of Timbers for Indoor Applications in Malaysia. Timber Technology Bulletin: Compilation of Timber Technology Bulletins 1995-2015 (57), 2016. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Malaysia.
- FRIM in FOCUS (March 2019). Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia.
- Malaysian and Indonesian Timbers Equivalent Names. Timber Technology Bulletin: Compilation of Timber Technology Bulletins 1995-2015 (57), 2016. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia.
Newsletter
- Ida Suraini, A.S. & Nik Zanariah, N.M. (2008, March). FRIM in FOCUS. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Retrived November 18, 2015, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/144
- Ida Suraini, A.S. (2017, December). FRIM in Focus. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Retrived March 14, 2018, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/2074 — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Veronica, P. (2004, September). FRIM in FOCUS. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Retrived November 24, 2015, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/155
Unpublish
- Checklist of Biodiversity of Setiu (2019)
Publications
Acknowledgements :- Mr. Ahmad Amir Firdaus Bin Mad Apandi, Ms. Aida Salihah Binti Abu Bakar, Ms. Ainul Aqilah Binti Mohd Nasir, Mrs. Aziemah Binti Kinan, Mr. Badrul Amin Bin Jaffar, Ms. Noorkhalilie Binti Che Abd Aziz, Ms. Norazah Binti Norddin, Ms. Nur Farahin Binti Mustafa, Mrs. Nur Hazwanie Binti Abd Halim, Ms. Nurfadzilah Bt Azmi, Ms. Nurfarhana Hizan Binti Hijas, Ms. Nurul Aliya Imra Asyikin Binti Abd Murad, Mr. Tan Kok Kiat & Mr. Yasser Mohamed Arifin
Species Citation :- Casuarina equisetifolia. Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). Accessed via https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/11147. [Retrieved 22 September 2023].
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