Native Animals
Macaca arctoides
Beruk Kentoi
VU
Vulnerable
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
ver 3.1, 2020
EN
Endangered
Red List of Mammals for Peninsular Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia
ver 3.1, 2009
Taxonomy
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Kingdom
-
Phylum
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Class
-
Order
-
Family
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Genus
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Specific Epithetarctoides (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831)
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Common Name
- Bear Macaque (English)
- Beruk Kentoi (Malay)
- Stump-tailed Macaque (English)
- Stumptail Macaque (English)
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ResidentialNative
The taxonomic status is pending for approval
Description
The Stump-tailed Macaque or Bear Macaque (Macaca arctoides) locally known as Beruk Kentoi in Malay is an Old-World Monkey native to Cambodia, southwestern China, northeastern India, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Vietnam (Chetry et al., 2020). In Malaysia, this species is particularly known to inhabit the state of Perlis which is located in the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia (Syamil et al., 2019; Roos et al., 2014). The only protected area in Peninsular Malaysia where this species can be found is Wang Kelian in Perlis State Park (Jayaraj et al., 2013). This macaque can be found in the broadleaf evergreen forest of tropical and subtropical regions where it inhabits high areas up to 2,000 m in primary or secondary forest (Cawthon-Lang, 2005; Francis & Barrett, 2008).
Macaca arctoides has some special features that distinguish it from other Macaca species. The babies are born with white hair, and becomes darker as they grow older. This species has long, thick dark brown fur that cover their bodies, except for the tail and face. Its tail is shorter than other species of the genus Macaca, measuring between 32 to 69 mm long. Its face is bright pink or red which becomes darken to brown or almost black as this spesies get older and are exposed to sunlight (Cawthon-Lang, 2005). What is special about Beruk Kentoi is that as they grow older, this macaque species will experience hair loss to become partially bald which starts at the forehead and advance towards the middle of their head. This process is similar to the process of hair loss that occurs in males for humans, but the process experienced by this macaque is happening to both sexes, male and female species (Uno et al., 1967).
Habits
| No | Part | Habit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Colony / Group
Typically in relatively large groups, sometimes of up to 50 individuals.
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Habitats
| No | Description | Suitability | Seasonality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Forest → Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
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Suitable | Unknown |
| 2 |
Forest → Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest
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Suitable | Unknown |
References : http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes/habitats-classification-scheme-ver3
Assessment
| Year Published | Assessment | Red List Category | Version |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Vulnerable (VU)
|
3.1 |
| 2009 | Red List of Mammals for Peninsular Malaysia |
Endangered (EN)
Peninsular Malaysia
|
3.1 |
| 2008 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Vulnerable (VU)
|
3.1 |
| 2000 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Vulnerable (VU)
|
N/A |
| 1996 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Vulnerable (VU)
|
N/A |
Biodiversity Experts
| Profile | |
|---|---|
|
Amal Ghazali Nasron (Mr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Mammals, Insects,
Biodiversity, Conservation & Forest
|
|
Amy Then Yee Hui (Dr.)
University of Malaya (UM)
|
Fishes (Ecology), Seahorses (Ecology), Mammals (Ecology),
Protected Areas & Marine & Coastal
|
|
Andrew Alek Tuen (Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
|
Mammals, Birds,
Protected Areas
|
|
Badrul Munir Md Zain (Assoc. Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
|
Mammals (Taxonomy),
|
|
Chong Ju Lian (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)
|
Mammals (Ecology), Vascular (Ecology),
Invasive Alien Species, Protected Areas, Digital Sequence Information (DSI), Marine & Coastal & Climate Change
|
|
David Magintan (Dr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Mammals, Elephants,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Environment, Protected Areas, Biological Resource & Ecology
|
|
Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
|
Mammals, Bats,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Data Analysis, Evolution, Forest & Molecular
|
|
Farah Shafawati Mohd Taib (Dr.)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
|
Birds, Mammals, Rodents, Treeshrews, Squirrels,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Data Analysis, Ecosystems & Taxonomy
|
|
Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK)
|
Mammals,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Genetics & Digital Sequence Information (DSI)
|
|
Jeffrine Rovie Ryan Japning (Mr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Monkeys, Fishes, Mammals,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Data Analysis, Evolution, Genetics, Molecular, Protected Areas, Science & Technology
|
|
Kayal Vizi Karuppannan (Mrs.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Elephants, Fishes, Mammals,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Evolution, Genetics, Molecular, Protected Areas & Digital Sequence Information (DSI)
|
|
Midhat Nabil Ahmad Salimi (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
|
Mammals,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Data Analysis, Ecosystems, Education, Environment, Genetics, History, Management, Medical, Molecular, Science, Technology, Water, Digital Sequence Information (DSI), Living Modified Organism (LMO), Synthetic Biology, Protected Areas, Marine & Coastal & Invasive Alien Species
|
|
Mohammad Shahfiz Azman (Mr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Amphibians, Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles,
Awareness, Biodiversity, Conservation, Ecosystems, Environment, Forest, Landscape, Law and Policy, Management, Protected Areas, Science, Systematics, Invasive Alien Species, Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries (LMMC), National Policy on Biological Diversity, Policy, Research and Development (R&D) & Zoonotic
|
|
Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah (Prof. Dato' Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)
|
Mammals,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Ecosystems, Evolution, Genetics & Protected Areas
|
|
Nasharuddin Bin Othman (Mr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Mammals (Ecology),
Conservation, Management & Protected Areas
|
|
Rahimatsah Amat (Dr.)
Sabah Environmental Trust (SET)
|
Mammals (Ecology),
Environment, Management & Protected Areas
|
|
Rahmat Topani (Mr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Mammals (Ecology),
Conservation, Protected Areas & Marine & Coastal
|
|
Rosli Hashim (Prof. Dr.)
University of Malaya (UM)
|
Birds (Ecology), Mammals (Ecology), Spiders, Insects,
Biodiversity & Protected Areas
|
|
Rosli Ramli (Assoc. Prof. Dr.)
University of Malaya (UM)
|
Mammals (Ecology), Birds,
Biodiversity, Digital Sequence Information (DSI), Protected Areas & Marine & Coastal
|
|
Saifullah A. Jaaman @ Sharman (Assoc. Prof.)
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)
|
Mammals,
Biodiversity, Conservation & Marine & Coastal
|
|
Salman Hj Saaban (Mr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Elephants, Monkeys,
Biodiversity & Conservation
|
|
Tan Cheng Cheng (Ms.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Mammals (Ecology),
Protected Areas, Biodiversity & Conservation
|
|
Tan Poai Ean (Ms.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Bats, Mammals, Rodents,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Ecosystems & Management
|
PM - Peninsular Malaysia; SBH - Sabah; SWK - Sarawak; SEA - Southeast Asia; W - World;
References
Article
- Fooden, J. (1990). The bear macaque, Macaca arctoides: a systematic review. Journal of Human Evolution. 19 (6), 607-686. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(90)90002-S
- Jayaraj, V.K., Daud, S.H.M., Azhar, M.-I., Shahrul Anuar, M.S., Mokhtar, S.I. & Abdullah, M.T. (2013). Diversity and Conservation status of Mammals in Wang Kelian State Park, Perlis, Malaysia. Check List. 9 (6), 1439-1448. https://www.biotaxa.org/cl/article/viewFile/9.6.1349/1695
- Osman, N.A., Abdul-Latiff, M.A.B., Mohd-Ridwan, A.R., Yaakop, S., Nor, S.M. & Md-Zain, B.M. (2020). Diet composition of the wild stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) in Perlis state park, Peninsular Malaysia, using a chloroplast trnl DNA metabarcoding approach: A preliminary study. Animals. 10 (12), 2215. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/12/2215/pdf
- Syamil, A.R., Mohd-Ridwan, A.R., Abd Rahman, M.R., Amsah, M.A., Abdul-Latiff, M.A.B. & Md-Zain, B.M. (2019). Population census and age category character of Stump-tailed macaque, Macaca arctoides, in Northern Peninsular Malaysia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. 20 (9), 2446-2452. http://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200903
- Uno, H., Allegra, F., Adachi, K. & Montagna, W. (1967). Studies of common baldness of the Stump-tailed macaque. I. Distribution of the hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol. 31, 281-287
Book
- PERHILITAN. (2017). Red List of Mammals for Peninsular Malaysia Version 2.0. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Widlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN) Peninsular Malaysia.
- Red List of Mammals for Peninsular Malaysia: Red List Mamalia Semenanjung Malaysia, 2010. Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP), Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 150. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Abdul Rahman, A.R., Mohd Nasir, A.H., Azmi, N., Nor Hasliza, M.B. & Latiff, A. (2014). Hutan Simpan Gunung Tebu, Terengganu: Pengurusan Hutan, Persekitaran Fizikal dan Kepelbagaian Biologi. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 343.
- Beastall, C.A. & Chng, S.C.L. (2021). Identification of Commonly Traded Wildlife in Southeast Asia. TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia Regional Office, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Francis, C.M. (2008). A Field Guide To The Mammals Of South-East Asia. New Holland Publishers, England. pp. 392.
- Hambali, K.A. & Wan Norazila, W.K (2019). Kera Ekor Panjang : Aspek Ekologi dan Kelakuan. Penerbit UMK. pp. 88.
- Shaharuddin, M.I., Che, H.H., Mohd. Puat, Dahalan, Jalil, M.S., Norhaidi, Y. & Latiff, A. (2005). Hutan Simpan Ulu Muda, Kedah: Pengurusan, Persekitaran Fizikal Dan Biologi. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 310.
- Tan, P.E., Norazlinda, A.R., Nosrat, R. & Saaban, S. (2015). Field Guides - Identification Key for Non-Volant Terrestrial Mammals of Peninsular Malaysia. Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia. pp. 56.
Chapter in book
- Davison, G.W.H. & Akbar, Z. (2007). The Status of Mammalian Biodiversity in Malaysia. In Chua, L.S.L., Kirton, L.G. & Saw, L.G. (Eds.), Status of Biological Diversity in Malaysia and Threat Assessment of Plant Species in Malaysia: Proceedings of the Seminar and Workshop, 28-30 June 2005. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). pp. 3-27.
Journal
- Asian Primates Journal, Volume 3, Issue 1, p. 36, 2013
Online
- CITES. (2015). CITES Trade Data Base. Retrieved October 09, 2020, from https://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php
- Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005). Primate Factsheets: Stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology. Winsconsin National Primate Research Center. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://primate.wisc.edu/primate-info-net/pin-factsheets/pin-factsheet-stump-tailed-macaque/
- Chetry, D., Boonratana, R., Das, J., Long, Y., Htun, S. & Timmins, R.J. (2020). Macaca arctoides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T12548A185202632. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12548A185202632.en
- Di Dario, F.IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved November 30, 2016, from http://www.iucnredlist.org
- Sorenson, K. (2008). Stump-tailed Macaque. New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://www.neprimateconservancy.org/stump-tailed-macaque.html
Publications
Acknowledgements :- Ms. Aida Salihah Binti Abu Bakar, Ms. Ajla Rafidah Baharom, Mrs. Aziemah Binti Kinan, Ms. Mira Farzana Binti Mohamad Mokhtar, Mrs. Nurfarhana Hizan Binti Hijas, Mr. Tan Kok Kiat & Mr. Yasser Mohamed Arifin
Photo credit :- Badrul Munir Md Zain & Dr Teo Eng Wah
Species Citation :- Macaca arctoides. Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). Accessed via https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/20147. [Retrieved 01 May 2024].
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