Native Animals
Nasalis larvatus
Proboscis Monkey
EN
Endangered
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Sabah & Sarawak
ver 3.1, 2021
Taxonomy
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Kingdom
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Phylum
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Class
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Order
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Family
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Genus
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Specific Epithetlarvatus (Wurmb, 1787)
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Common Name
- Bangkatan (Sabah)
- Bekantan (Bisaya (Borneo))
- Bentangan (Bisaya (Borneo))
- Kera Belanda (Malay)
- Long-nosed Monkey (English)
- Monyet Belanda (Malay)
- Monyet Probosis (Malay)
- Orang Belanda (Malay)
- Pika (Bisaya (Borneo))
- Proboscis Monkey (English)
- Raseng (Bisaya (Borneo))
- Rasong (Bisaya (Borneo))
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ResidentialNative
The taxonomic status is pending for approval
Description
The proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) is an iconic primate species found only on the Island of Borneo. Populations of this species are found in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, the Indonesian province of Kalimantan, and Brunei. Throughout its range the proboscis monkey is also known by various local names such as kera belanda, monyet belanda, monyet probosis and orang belanda. In Sabah, proboscis monkey is known as bangkatan.
Proboscis monkeys have reddish-brown fur on the head, face, shoulders and upper back. Their fur on the lower back and stomach are grey, feet are yellowish-white while their throat and neck are white (Sjahfirdi & Noviandini, 2018). The tail is long (55-67 cm) and white or greyish in colour. The body length of adult male is about 56-72 cm with an average weight of 20 kg whereas adult female body length is about 55-62 cm and weight about 10 kg (Britannica, 2020; Sha et al., 2011). Adult males, especially dominant animals, have much larger and longer noses than females. Females have short pointy witch-like noses. Infants are born with small snubby noses and dark blue faces. Their noses gradually will develop into their signature larger noses and the dark blue face slowly turns greyish and then pink, like adults when they reach maturity (Sha et al., 2011).
Proboscis monkeys are threatened by the conversion of riparian and coastal mangrove habitats to plantations which may cause habitat fragmentation and consequently lead to a local extinction.
Habitats
| No | Description | Suitability | Seasonality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Forest → Mangrove Forest
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Unknown | Unknown |
| 2 |
Forest → Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
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Suitable | Unknown |
| 3 |
Forest → Subtropical/Tropical Swamp Forest
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Unknown | Resident |
References : http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes/habitats-classification-scheme-ver3
Assessment
| Year Published | Assessment | Red List Category | Version |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Endangered (EN)
Sabah & Sarawak
|
3.1 |
| 2020 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Endangered (EN)
Sabah & Sarawak
|
3.1 |
| 2008 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Endangered (EN)
|
3.1 |
| 2000 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Endangered (EN)
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N/A |
| 1996 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Vulnerable (VU)
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2.3 |
| 1994 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Vulnerable (VU)
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N/A |
| 1990 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Vulnerable (VU)
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N/A |
| 1988 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Vulnerable (VU)
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N/A |
| 1986 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Vulnerable (VU)
|
N/A |
Biodiversity Experts
| Profile | |
|---|---|
|
Amal Ghazali Nasron (Mr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Mammals, Insects,
Biodiversity, Conservation & Forest
|
|
Amy Then Yee Hui (Dr.)
University of Malaya (UM)
|
Fishes (Ecology), Seahorses (Ecology), Mammals (Ecology),
Protected Areas & Marine & Coastal
|
|
Andrew Alek Tuen (Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
|
Mammals, Birds,
Protected Areas
|
|
Badrul Munir Md Zain (Assoc. Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
|
Mammals (Taxonomy),
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|
Chong Ju Lian (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)
|
Mammals (Ecology), Vascular (Ecology),
Invasive Alien Species, Protected Areas, Digital Sequence Information (DSI), Marine & Coastal & Climate Change
|
|
David Magintan (Dr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Mammals, Elephants,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Environment, Protected Areas, Biological Resource & Ecology
|
|
Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
|
Mammals, Bats,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Data Analysis, Evolution, Forest & Molecular
|
|
Farah Shafawati Mohd Taib (Dr.)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
|
Birds, Mammals, Rodents, Treeshrews, Squirrels,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Data Analysis, Ecosystems & Taxonomy
|
|
Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK)
|
Mammals,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Genetics & Digital Sequence Information (DSI)
|
|
Jeffrine Rovie Ryan Japning (Mr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Monkeys, Fishes, Mammals,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Data Analysis, Evolution, Genetics, Molecular, Protected Areas, Science & Technology
|
|
Kayal Vizi Karuppannan (Mrs.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Elephants, Fishes, Mammals,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Evolution, Genetics, Molecular, Protected Areas & Digital Sequence Information (DSI)
|
|
Midhat Nabil Ahmad Salimi (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
|
Mammals,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Data Analysis, Ecosystems, Education, Environment, Genetics, History, Management, Medical, Molecular, Science, Technology, Water, Digital Sequence Information (DSI), Living Modified Organism (LMO), Synthetic Biology, Protected Areas, Marine & Coastal & Invasive Alien Species
|
|
Mohammad Shahfiz Azman (Mr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
|
Amphibians, Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles,
Awareness, Biodiversity, Conservation, Ecosystems, Environment, Forest, Landscape, Law and Policy, Management, Protected Areas, Science, Systematics, Invasive Alien Species, Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries (LMMC), National Policy on Biological Diversity, Policy, Research and Development (R&D) & Zoonotic
|
|
Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah (Prof. Dato' Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)
|
Mammals,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Ecosystems, Evolution, Genetics & Protected Areas
|
|
Nasharuddin Bin Othman (Mr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Mammals (Ecology),
Conservation, Management & Protected Areas
|
|
Rahimatsah Amat (Dr.)
Sabah Environmental Trust (SET)
|
Mammals (Ecology),
Environment, Management & Protected Areas
|
|
Rahmat Topani (Mr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Mammals (Ecology),
Conservation, Protected Areas & Marine & Coastal
|
|
Rosli Hashim (Prof. Dr.)
University of Malaya (UM)
|
Birds (Ecology), Mammals (Ecology), Spiders, Insects,
Biodiversity & Protected Areas
|
|
Rosli Ramli (Assoc. Prof. Dr.)
University of Malaya (UM)
|
Mammals (Ecology), Birds,
Biodiversity, Digital Sequence Information (DSI), Protected Areas & Marine & Coastal
|
|
Saifullah A. Jaaman @ Sharman (Assoc. Prof.)
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)
|
Mammals,
Biodiversity, Conservation & Marine & Coastal
|
|
Salman Hj Saaban (Mr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Elephants, Monkeys,
Biodiversity & Conservation
|
|
Tan Cheng Cheng (Ms.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Mammals (Ecology),
Protected Areas, Biodiversity & Conservation
|
|
Tan Poai Ean (Ms.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
|
Bats, Mammals, Rodents,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Ecosystems & Management
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PM - Peninsular Malaysia; SBH - Sabah; SWK - Sarawak; SEA - Southeast Asia; W - World;
References
Article
- Sjahfirdi, L. & Noviandini, D. (2018). Social and reproductive behaviour of proboscis monkey Nasalis larvatus (van Wurmb, 1787) at Taman Safari Bogor, West Java. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1725, 012051. . https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1725/1/012051
- Suis, M.A.F., Miun, J., Tingkoi, L. & Nilus, R. (2019). Inventory of terrestrial mammals and birds in Sungai Pin Conservation Area, Kinabatangan. Sepilok Bulletin. 28, 49-68. http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/docs/frc/Sepilok%20Bulletin%20Vol%2028%20(2019).pdf
Book
- A Common Vision on Biodiversity in Government and the Development Process: Reference Document for Planners, Decision-Makers & Practitioners, 2008. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia. pp. 111.
- Biodiversity in Malaysia, 2006. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia. pp. 29. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Biodiversity in Plantation Landscapes, 2012. Wild Asia and the Malaysian Palm Oil Council, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. pp. 130. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Kementerian Sumber Asli, Alam Sekitar dan Perubahan Iklim. (2023). Biodiversiti di Malaysia, 2023. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Malaysian Naturalist, Volume 74, Issue/No. 4, 2021. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. pp. 311.
- National Policy on Biological Diversity 2016 - 2025 / Dasar Kepelbagaian Biologi Kebangsaan 2016 - 2025, 2016. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE), Malaysia. pp. 112. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- The Nexus of Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Socioeconomic Development in Southeast Asia, 2022. Academy of Sciences Malaysia.
- Abd. Latif, M., Mohti, A., Samsudin, M. & Parlan, I. (2020). Malaysia's Tropical Rainforests - Splendour To Behold. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. pp. 212.
- Hambali, K.A. & Wan Norazila, W.K (2019). Kera Ekor Panjang : Aspek Ekologi dan Kelakuan. Penerbit UMK. pp. 88.
- Hazebroek, H.P., Adlin, T.Z. & Sinun, W. (2011). Danum Valley: The Rain Forest. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Malaysia. pp. 615.
- Hutton, W. & Matunjau, C. (2010). Discovering The Wonders of The Klias Peninsula. Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia. pp. 44.
- Payne, J. & Francis, C.M. (1985). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society, Malaysia. pp. 326.
- Payne, J. (2022). The Hairy Rhinoceros: History, ecology, and some lessons for management of the last Asian megafauna. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd. pp. 197.
- Phillipps, Q. & Phillipps, K. (2016). Phillipps’ Guide to the Mammals of Borneo and their Ecology: Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, and Kalimantan. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. pp. 400.
- Sasekumar, A. & Chong, V.C. (2012). Mangrove and Coastal Environment of Selangor, Malaysia. Universiti Malaya, Malaysia. pp. 290.
- Sha, J.C.M., Matsuda, I. & Bernard, H. (2011). The Natural History of the Proboscis Monkey. Natural History Publications (Borneo). pp. 126.
- Shaharuddin, M.I., Azahar, M., Razani, U., Kamaruzaman, A.B., Lim, K.L., Suhaili, R., Jalil, M.S. & Latiff, A. (2005). Sustainable Management of Matang Mangroves: 100 Years and Beyond. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 531.
- Tangah, J. & Chung, A.Y.C. (2021). Monyet Bangkatan Di Hutan Bakau Sabah. Sabah Forestry Department. pp. 61.
Chapter in book
- Davison, G.W.H. & Akbar, Z. (2007). The Status of Mammalian Biodiversity in Malaysia. In Chua, L.S.L., Kirton, L.G. & Saw, L.G. (Eds.), Status of Biological Diversity in Malaysia and Threat Assessment of Plant Species in Malaysia: Proceedings of the Seminar and Workshop, 28-30 June 2005. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). pp. 3-27.
Legislation
- Akta Pemuliharaan Hidupan Liar 2010 (2010) — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Akta Perdagangan Antarabangsa Mengenai Species Terancam 2008 (2008) — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- International Trade in Endangered Species Act 2008 (2008) — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Wild Life Protection Protection Ordinace, 1998
- Wildlife Conservation Act (2010). Laws of Malaysia Act 716 — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
Magazine/Bulletin
- ASEAN Biodiversity Magazine, Vol. 14 (1), 1/2015. ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Bio-Bulletin, Vol. 1 (May 2015). Copyright School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Bio-Bulletin, Vol. 2 (December 2015). School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
Newspaper Article
- "John, B. 2017, April 16. Proboscis monkey highly dependent on riparian areas for survival: study. New Straits Times". Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/04/231091/proboscis-monkey-highly-dependent-riparian-areas-survival-study.
- "Malaysia's primate species in peril". Retrieved 23 July 2020 from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/07/23/malaysias-primate-species-in-peril. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
Online
- A 'mystery monkey' in Borneo may be a rare hybrid. That has scientists worried. Science News. Retrieved December 22, 2022, from https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mystery-monkey-hybrid-borneo-habitat — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Anonymous. (2021). Proboscis Monkey Animal Facts | Nasalis larvatus | AZ Animals. Retrieved March 16, 2021, from https://a-z-animals.com/animals/proboscis-monkey/
- Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. (2020). Proboscis monkey. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 16, 2021, from http://www.britannica.com/animal/proboscis-monkey
- Cabinet paper to facilitate Sabah wildlife action plan. Retrieved September 19, 2018, from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/09/412842/cabinet-paper-facilitate-sabah-wildlife-action-plan — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- HCV Malaysia Toolkit Steering Committee. 2021. Malaysian National Interpretation for the Management and Monitoring of High Conservation Values. HCV Malaysia Toolkit Steering Committee, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved January 19, 2022, from https://www.proforest.net/fileadmin/uploads/proforest/Documents/Publications/MYNI_Management_Monitoring_HCVs_Jan_2022.pdf
- Boonratana, R., Cheyne, S.M, Traeholt, C., Nijman, V. & Supriatna, J. (2020). Nasalis larvatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T14352A17945165. Retrieved March 16, 2021, from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14352A17945165.en
- Covert, T. (2018). Proboscis monkey. New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved March 16, 2021, from https://www.neprimateconservancy.org/proboscis-monkey.html
- Di Dario, F.IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved November 30, 2016, from http://www.iucnredlist.org
Publications
Related by Family
Acknowledgements :- Mr. Ahmad Amir Firdaus Bin Mad Apandi, Ms. Aida Salihah Binti Abu Bakar, Ms. Ajla Rafidah Baharom, Ms. Amirah Hasanah Binti Mazlan, Mrs. Aziemah Binti Kinan, Ms. Noor Amira Aini Binti Noor Anwar, Mrs. Nur Hazwanie Binti Abd Halim, Ms. Nur Razan Faiqah Binti Zahili, Ms. Nurfadzilah Bt Azmi, Mrs. Nurfarhana Hizan Binti Hijas, Mr. Tan Kok Kiat & Mr. Yasser Mohamed Arifin
Photo credit :- Muhammad Al Zahri
Species Citation :- Nasalis larvatus. Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). Accessed via https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/20277. [Retrieved 28 April 2024].
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