Native Plants

Aquilaria malaccensis

Karas
CR
Critically Endangered
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
ver 3.1, 2018
VU
Vulnerable
Malaysia Plant Red List
Peninsular Malaysia 2012
QR Code
SSN 23467
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Taxonomy

  • Kingdom
  • Division
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Specific Epithet
    malaccensis Lam.
  • Vernacular Name
  • Residential
    Native
The taxonomic status is pending for approval

Description

Agarwood, or locally known as karas in Malay is a tree species that could grow up to 60 cm in diameter. This species occurs on plain hillsides and ridges to 750 m altitude throughout Peninsular Malaysia except in Perlis and Kedah, while it occurs in the lowland mixed dipterocarp forests up to 270 m altitude in Borneo (Yong et al., 2011). This species is also absent from Sarawak, while other species of this genus are reported to be generally rare (Tawan, 2004). Besides Malaysia, karas tree is also commonly found in the lowland forests of Indonesia, the Philippines, Myanmar and India (Corner, 1988). 

The karas tree produces aloes wood or gaharu which is fragrant in nature and is a highly sought-after essential oil in the international trade. The production of gaharu is believed to be due to the pathological infection and reaction of the wood caused by injuries.Typically, gaharu is used as incense in religious ceremonies and due to this, gaharu is highly sought-after and priced both locally and internationally (Desch 1954, Gianno & Kochummen, 1981). The timber, a light hardwood, is suitable for veneer making, packing boxes, indoor light construction and possesses native medicinal values for treating asthma and body healing properties (Burkill, 1996; Whitemore, 1972; Wong, 1978; Lok & Ahmad Zuhaidi, 1996; Anonymous, 1998). 

However, most of the karas tree on the market is collected from the wild since the few plantations set up in the early 1900s are either under serious pressure or have been destroyed (IUCN, 1998). For Malaysia, the karas tree has been categorised as Vulnerable due to unsustainable harvest and habitat loss or degradation. Excessive damage induced on the uncontrolled harvest from tree trunks are causing the populations of this species to become Vulnerable to extinction (Chua, 2008; Yong et al., 2011).

Habitats

No Description Suitability Seasonality
1
Forest → Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest
Suitable Unknown
References : http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes/habitats-classification-scheme-ver3

Assessment

Year Published Assessment Red List Category Version
2018 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Critically Endangered (CR)
3.1
2012 Malaysia Plant Red List
Vulnerable (VU)
Peninsular Malaysia
N/A
2007 Malaysia Plant Red List
Vulnerable (VU)
N/A
1998 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Vulnerable (VU)
2.3

Biodiversity Experts

Profile
Ahmad Aldrie Amir (Dr.)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
  • Vascular
  • Biodiversity
  • Climate Change
  • Conservation
  • Ecosystems
  • Environment
  • Evolution
  • Forest
  • History
  • Law and Policy
  • Management
  • Marine & Coastal
  • Protected Areas
  • Science
  • PM
  • SBH
  • SWK
  • SEA
  • W
Anisah Lee Abdullah (Assoc. Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)
  • Coral Reefs
  • Vascular
  • Biodiversity
  • Climate Change
  • Conservation
  • Ecosystems
  • Environment
  • Geoinformatics
  • Management
  • Marine & Coastal
  • Protected Areas
  • Science
  • Technology
  • Water
  • PM
  • SBH
Asyraf Mansor (Dr.)
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)
  • Palms
  • Vascular (Ecology)
  • Biodiversity
  • Conservation
  • Ecosystems
  • Environment
  • Evolution
  • Forest
  • PM
Chong Ju Lian (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)
  • Mammals (Ecology)
  • Vascular (Ecology)
  • Invasive Alien Species
  • Protected Areas
  • Digital Sequence Information (DSI)
  • Marine & Coastal
  • Climate Change
  • PM
  • SBH
  • SWK
  • SEA
  • W
Kartini Binti Saibeh (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
  • Vascular
  • Agriculture
  • Biodiversity
  • Conservation
  • SBH
Mohamad Azani Alias (Assoc. Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)
  • Vascular (Taxonomy)
  • Vascular
  • Vascular
  • Amphibians
  • Amphibians
  • Biodiversity
  • Conservation
  • Climate Change
  • Protected Areas
  • Forest
  • PM
  • SBH
  • SWK
  • SEA
Mohd Fahmi Abu Bakar (Ts. Dr.)
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA)
  • Vascular
  • Digital Sequence Information (DSI)
  • Evolution
  • Genetics
  • Molecular
  • Systematics
  • PM
Mohd Norfaizal Ghazalli (Dr.)
Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI)
  • Vascular
  • Pitcher plants
  • Agriculture
  • Biodiversity
  • Conservation
  • Ecosystems
  • Science
  • Systematics
  • Taxonomy
  • PM
  • SBH
  • SWK
  • SEA
Nazahatul Anis Amaludin (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK)
  • Vascular (Ecology)
  • Biodiversity
  • Conservation
  • PM
Nor Ezzawanis Abdullah Thani (Mrs.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
  • Vascular (Taxonomy)
  • Digital Sequence Information (DSI)
  • PM
Nur Kyariatul Syafinie Abdul Majid (Ms.)
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK)
  • Vascular (Ecology)
  • Biodiversity
  • Climate Change
  • Conservation
  • Forest
  • Protected Areas
  • PM
Nur Supardi Md Noor (Dr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
  • Palms
  • Vascular
  • Biodiversity
  • Climate Change
  • Conservation
  • Ecosystems
  • Environment
  • Forest
  • Management
  • PM
  • SBH
  • SWK
  • SEA
  • W
Rusea Go (Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)
  • Orchids (Taxonomy)
  • Vascular (Taxonomy)
  • Vascular (Ecology)
  • Biodiversity
  • Conservation
  • Environment
  • Forest
  • Management
  • Protected Areas
  • Climate Change
  • Invasive Alien Species
  • PM
  • SBH
  • SWK
Tam Sheh May (Dr.)
Taylor's University
  • Orchids
  • Vascular
  • Biodiversity
  • Data Analysis
  • Evolution
  • Genetics
  • Molecular
  • PM
Tan Swee Lian (Dr.)
Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM)
  • Vascular (Ecology)
  • Agriculture
  • Biodiversity
  • PM
  • SBH
  • SWK
Yong Kien Thai (Dr.)
University of Malaya (UM)
  • Moss
  • Vascular (Taxonomy)
  • Ferns (Taxonomy)
  • Protected Areas
  • Biodiversity
  • Conservation
  • Evolution
  • Taxonomy
  • PM
  • SBH
  • SWK
  • SEA
PM - Peninsular Malaysia; SBH - Sabah; SWK - Sarawak; SEA - Southeast Asia; W - World;

References

Article
  1. Ang, L.H., Ho, W.M. & Tang, L.K. (2014). A Depository of Lowland Forest Tree Species Established on a Brown-Filled Site in Ara Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of Wildlife and Parks 29, 55-60
  2. Ang, L.H., Ho, W.M. & Tang, L.K. (2017). Domestication of Ten Endemic, Endangered and Threatened Tree Species in a Degraded Terrestrial Ecosystem in Peninsular Malaysia. Seminar on Reclamation, Rehabilitation and Restoration of Disturbed Sites: Planting of National and IUCN Red List Species, 15-17 August 2017, Kuala Lumpur (14), 114-118
  3. Ang, L.H., Ho, W.M., Tang, L.K. & Hazarimmah, S.O. (2017). Increasing Tree Diversity Index through Planting of 30 Indigenous Rainforest Tree on a 5 ha Slime Tailings. An Introduction to ABS: Access to biological resources and the sharing of benefits arising from their utilisation, 102-106
  4. Ang, L.H. (2017). Successful Greening Models of Some Disturbed Sites in Peninsular Malaysia. Seminar on Reclamation, Rehabilitation and Restoration of Disturbed Sites: Planting of National and IUCN Red List Species, 15-17 August 2017, Kuala Lumpur (14), 6-14
  5. Ang, L.H., Ho, W.M., Tang, L.K., Kang, H.S. & Lee, D.K. (2017). Survival and Vegetative Growth of Some Selected Rainforest Tree Species inter-planted under Hopea odorata Stand at Slime Tailings in Peninsular Malaysia. Seminar on Reclamation, Rehabilitation and Restoration of Disturbed Sites: Planting of National and IUCN Red List Species, 15-17 August 2017, Kuala Lumpur (14), 107-113
  6. Chua, L.S.L., Chung, R.C.K., Sam, Y.Y., Chan, Y.C., Kamarudin, S., Moorthy, M., Nor-Ezzawanis, A.T., Hamidah, M. & Lau, K.H. (2006). A Checklist of Seed Plants at Gunung Aais Forest Reserve, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 59 (2), 121-152
  7. Chua, L.S.L. (2008). Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) in Malaysia. NDF Workshop Case Studies: pg 17. . https://cites.org/sites/default/files/ndf_material/WG1-CS3.pdf
  8. Ho, W.M., Ang, L.H., Tang, L.K. & Siti Zaharah, M.I. (2017). Can ex-tin mine be a depository for indigenous and red list species?. Seminar on Reclamation, Rehabilitation and Restoration of Disturbed Sites: Planting of National and IUCN Red List Species, 15-17 August 2017, Kuala Lumpur (14), 119-123
  9. Ho, W.M., Tang, L.K., Ang, L.H., Kang, H.S. & Lee, D.K. (2014). Enrichment Planting in a Greened Slime Tailings in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Wildlife and Parks 29, 73-76
  10. Julius, K. (2006). Plant diversity in Trus Madi. Sepilok Bulletin. 4, 1-23. http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/docs/frc/Sepilok%20Bulletin%20Vol.%204.pdf
  11. Khairil, M., Wan Juliana, W.A, Nizam, M.S. & Faszly, R. (2011). Community structure and biomass of tree species at Chini Watershed Forest, Pekan, Pahang. Sains Malayana, 40(11): 1209-1221. , 1209-1221. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236005323_Community_structure_and_biomass_of_tree_species_at_Chini_Watershed_Forest_Pekan_Pahang
  12. Lau, K.H. & Chua, L.S.L. (2012). Conservation of Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Asia and the Pacific Workshop. Multinational and Transboundary Conservation of Valuable and Endangered Forest Tree Species. IUFRO World Series–Extended Abstract Volume 30, 43-45. https://www.iufro.org/publications/series/world-series/article/2012/06/13/world-series-vol-30-asia-and-the-pacific-workshop-multinational-and-transboundary-conservation-o/
  13. Lok, E.H. & Ahmad Zuhaidi, Y. (2017). Cultivation and Management Practices of Aquilaria for Agarwood in Malaysia. Seminar on Reclamation, Rehabilitation and Restoration of Disturbed Sites: Planting of National and IUCN Red List Species, 15-17 August 2017, Kuala Lumpur (14), 44-49
  14. Lok, E.H., Chang, Y.S. & Yusoff, A.M. (1999). Early Survival and Growth in Field Trials of Aquilaria malaccensis (karas) and Azadirachta excelsa (Sentang). Journal of Tropical Forest Science 11 (4), 852-854
  15. Milow, P., Malek, S. & Ramli, M.R. (2017). Medicinal Plants of the Indigenous Tribes in Peninsular Malaysia: Current and Future Perspectives. Active Ingredients from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. . https://doi.org/10.5772/66658
  16. Nor Azah, M.A., Saidatul Husni, S., Mailina, J., Sahrim, L., Abdul Majid, J. & Mohd Faridz, Z. (2013). Classification of Agarwood (Gaharu) by Resin Content. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 25 (2), 213-219
  17. Pang, K.K.N., Lapongan, J. & Anuar, M. (2016). A note on the growth and resin production of Gaharu in the Sook Forest Reserve, Sabah. Sepilok Bulletin. (23 & 24), 51-54. http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/docs/frc/Sepilok%20Bulletin%20Vol.%2023%20&%20Vol.%2024.pdf
  18. Salleh, N., Azeman, S., Kiew, R., Kamin, I. & Chung, R.C.K. (2017). Plant Checklist of the Bukit Nanas Forest Reserve, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. One Ecosystem. 2 (e13708), 41. http://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.2.e13708 — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
  19. Siti Suhaila, A.R., Norihan, M.S., Norwati, M., Nor Azah, M.A., Mahani, M.C., Parameswari, N., Kodi, I.K., Mailina, J., Azrina, A., Nor Hasnida, H., Haliza, I., Nazirah, A. & Muhd Fuad, Y. (2015). Aquilaria malaccensis Polyploids as Improved Planting Materials. 27 (3), 376-387
  20. Sulaiman, N., Ida Idayu, M., Ramlan, A.Z., Nur Fashya, M., Nor Farahiyah, A.N., Mailina, J. & Nor Azah, M.A. (2015). Effects of Extraction Methods on Yield and Chemical Compounds of Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis). Journal of Tropical Forest Science 27 (3), 413-419
  21. Wong, K.M., Low, Y.W., Aziz, A.O., Lepun, P., Zahid, M.S., Manickam, S., Zulkapli, I. & Chew, K.L. (2005). Where the Rhino Roams : A Survey of the Vegetation of the Selai Area in the Endau-Rompin National Park, Johor, Malaysia. The Forests and Biodiversity of Selai Endau-Rompin. pp. 17-26. http://agris.upm.edu.my:8080/dspace/handle/0/6980
Book
  1. Discovering the Wonders of Malaysian Herbal Monograph Plants, 2020. Institute for Medical Research (IMR).
  2. Health and Beauty from the Rainforest : Malaysian Traditions of Ramuan, 2009. Editions Didier Millet. pp. 256.
  3. Malaysian Threatened and Rare Tree: Identification and Landscape Guideline, 2017. Sime Darby Property Berhad, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. pp. 98. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
  4. Abdul Rahman, A.R., Mohd Nasir, A.H., Azmi, N., Nor Hasliza, M.B. & Latiff, A. (2014). Hutan Simpan Gunung Tebu, Terengganu: Pengurusan Hutan, Persekitaran Fizikal dan Kepelbagaian Biologi. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 343.
  5. Abdul Rahman, A.R., Koh, H.L., Muhamad, A., Wan Yusof, W.K. & Latiff, A. (2011). Hutan Simpan Melaka: Pengurusan Hutan, Persekitaran Fizikal, Kepelbagaian Biologi dan Socio-ekonomi. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 315.
  6. Adnan, M., Zainuddin, A.F., Hamzah, M.A., Moorthy, M. & Mohamad Zaki, M.I. (2018). Koleksi Pokok Taman Botani Kepong. Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. pp. 1-234.
  7. Mohd. Rizal, S., Na'aman, J., Jalil, M.S., Nizam, M.S., Latiff, A. & Azahar, M. (2006). Gunung Mandi Angin, Terengganu: Pengurusan, Persekitaran Fizikal, Kepelbagaian Biologi dan Pelancongan Ekologi. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 500.
  8. Chang, Y.S., Mazura, M.P. & Nik Musa'adah, M. (2008). Plant, Health and Man - Past, Present and Future . Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia. pp. 343.
  9. Chew, M.Y., Salleh, N., Azeman, S., Yap, J.W., Sam, Y.Y. & Chung, R.C.K. (2021). Wayside Trees: The Natural Pillars and Roofs of the Perdana Botanical Garden. Kuala Lumpur City Hall and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 182.
  10. Chua, L.S.L., Lee, S.L., Lau, K.H., Zakaria, N.F., Tnah, L.H., Lee, C.T., Ng, C.H. & Ng, K.K.S. (2016). Conservation Action Plan for the Threatened Agarwood Species Aquilaria Malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 1-74.
  11. Lau, K.H., Muhammad-Alif Azyraf, A., Chua, L.S.L., Lee, S.L., Zakaria, N.F., Tnah, L.H., Ng, C.H., Ng, K.K.S., Lee, C.T. & Siti Fariezza, K.T (2023). Guidelines for the establishment of Aquilaria malaccensis arboretum in Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia. pp. 1-40.
  12. Aminah, H. (2011). Nursery technique of karas (Aquilaria malaccensis). In: Abdul Rashid, A.M. & Ahmad Zuhaidi, Y. (eds.) Tapping the Wealth From Karas (Aquilaria malaccensis) Tree. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia.
  13. Lim, H.F. & Ismail, J. (1994). The Uses Of Non-Timber Forest Products In Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia.. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. pp. 132.
  14. Nik Musa'adah, M., Nik Zanariah, N.M., Nor Azah, M.A. & Norini, H. (2017). Khazanah Perubatan Melayu: Tumbuhan Ubatan Jilid 1. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. pp. xxiv, 519.
  15. Oldfield, S., Lusty, C. & MacKinven, A. (1998). The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 1-628.
  16. Ong, H.C. (2004). Tumbuhan Liar: Khasiat & Kegunaan Lain. Utusan Publications & Distribution Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. pp. 241.
  17. Praveena, B.K. & Maria Arlene, J.A.S. (2013). Compendium of Facts and Figures. 2nd Edition. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. pp. 161.
  18. Shaharuddin, M.I., Sahidin, A.R., Nor, S.M., Jalil, M.S., Razani, U., Nik Mohd. Shah, N.M. & Latiff, A. (2005). Gunung Nuang, Selangor: Persekitaran Fizikal dan Kepelbagaian Biologi. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 221.
  19. Shaharuddin, M.I., Che, H.H., Mohd. Puat, Dahalan, Jalil, M.S., Norhaidi, Y. & Latiff, A. (2005). Hutan Simpan Ulu Muda, Kedah: Pengurusan, Persekitaran Fizikal Dan Biologi. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 310.
  20. Shaharuddin, M.I., Dahalan, H.T., Abdullah Sani, Shafie, Jalil, M.S., Faridah-Hanum, I. & Latiff, A. (2005). Taman Negeri Gunung Stong, Kelantan: Pengurusan, Persekitaran Fizikal, Biologi dan Sosio-ekonomi. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 442.
  21. Soepadmo, E., Saw, L.G. & Chung, R.C.K. (2004). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, Volume 5. Sabah Forestry Department, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Sarawak Forestry Department, Malaysia. pp. 528.
  22. T. Marina, T. Ibrahim & Shamsul, K. (2009). Kepelbagaian Biologi Flora, Fauna dan Nilai Ekonomi Hutan Simpan Tranum, Pahang. Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, Malaysia. pp. 140.
  23. Wong, K.M. (2001). Medicinal Plants, Rain Forests and Us. pp. 38.
  24. Yong, W.S.Y., Chua, L.S.L., Suhaida, M. & Aslina, B. (2011). Forest Research Institute Malaysia: A Sanctuary for Threatened Trees, Issue/No. 130. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. pp. 91.
Chapter in book
  1. Milow, P., Malek, S. & Ramli, M.R. (March 2017). Medicinal Plants of the Indigenous Tribes in Peninsular Malaysia: Current and Future Perspectives. In El-Shemy, H. (Ed.), Active Ingredients from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. InTechOpen. pp. 14.
Journal
  1. Malayan Nature Journal, Volume 73, Issue 3, p. 419, 2021
Magazine/Bulletin
  1. Bio-Bulletin, Vol. 2 (June 2014). School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
  2. Conservation Malaysia (11), 2010. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
  3. Conservation Malaysia (24), 2016. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
  4. Conservation Malaysia (26), 2017. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
  5. Malaysian and Indonesian Timbers Equivalent Names. Timber Technology Bulletin: Compilation of Timber Technology Bulletins 1995-2015 (57), 2016. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia.
  6. Heortia vitessoides, An Agarwood (Karas) Defoliator (72), 2014. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia.
Newsletter
  1. Flora of Malaysia i-Newsletter Part 3. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). (2013, 10). Retrived December 29, 2017, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/1985 — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
  2. Ida Suraini, A.S. (2015, December). FRIM in FOCUS. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Retrived April 14, 2016, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/191
  3. Ida Suraini, A.S. (2016, March). FRIM in FOCUS. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Retrived April 14, 2016, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/572
  4. Ida Suraini, A.S. (2009, June). FRIM in FOCUS. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Retrived November 18, 2015, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/139
  5. Ida Suraini, A.S. (2014, June). FRIM in FOCUS. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Retrived November 13, 2015, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/117
  6. Ida Suraini, A.S. (2015, June). FRIM in FOCUS. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Retrived September 28, 2016, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/112
  7. Ida Suraini, A.S. (2010, September). FRIM in FOCUS. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Retrived November 09, 2015, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/99
  8. Veronica, P. (2005, March). FRIM in FOCUS. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). Retrived November 19, 2015, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/153
Newspaper Article
  1. "Pokok kebangsaan pupuk semangat cinta hutan". Retrieved 26 June 2018. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
Proceeding
  1. Conservation, Management and Development of Forest Resources: Proceedings of the Malaysia-United Kingdom Programme Workshop, 21-24 October 1996, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1996)

Acknowledgements :- Mr. Ahmad Amir Firdaus Bin Mad Apandi, Mr. Ahmad Bukhari Hasbullah, Ms. Aida Salihah Binti Abu Bakar, Ms. Ajla Rafidah Baharom, Ms. Amirah Hasanah Binti Mazlan, Mrs. Aziemah Binti Kinan, Mr. Badrul Amin Bin Jaffar, Mrs. Faridah Anas, Ms. Fatin Qurratul 'ain Binti Saberam, Mrs. Hazlina Ali, Ms. Heng Pooi San, Ms. Mayzaitun Nurshuhaida Binti Mahd Khasani, Ms. Mira Farzana Binti Mohamad Mokhtar, Mr. Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Hazan, Mr. Nabil Arif Bin Abdul Naim, Mrs. Noor Ashikin Binti Hj. Mohamad, Ms. Noorkhalilie Binti Che Abd Aziz, Ms. Norayuni Binti Ramlee, Ms. Norazah Binti Norddin, Ms. Nur Diana Bt Mohd Rusdi, Mrs. Nur Hazwanie Binti Abd Halim, Ms. Nur Syahirah Binti Abd Hamid, Ms. Nurfadzilah Bt Azmi, Ms. Nurfarhana Hizan Binti Hijas, Ms. Nurul Aimi Amirah Binti Mohd Zaki, Ms. Siti Zubaidah Binti Abdul Latif, Mr. Tan Kok Kiat & Mr. Yasser Mohamed Arifin

Photo credit :- FRIM, Lau Kah Hoo, Saw Leng Guan, Syahida Emiza Suhaimi & Wendy Yong Sze Yee

Species Citation :- Aquilaria malaccensis. Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). Accessed via https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/23467. [Retrieved 10 December 2023].

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