Trimeresurus nebularis
Taxonomy
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Kingdom
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Phylum
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Class
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Order
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Family
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Genus
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Specific Epithetnebularis Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004
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Synonym
- Popeia nebularis Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2005
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Common Name
- Cameron Highlands Pit Viper (English)
- Ular Kapak Cameron Highland (Malay)
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ResidentialNative
Description
Trimeresurus nebularis, or the Cameron Highlands Pit Viper is a species under the family Viperidae, subfamily Crotalinae (pit vipers). The Cameron Highlands Pit Viper was first described in 2004 and is found in the mountain ranges south of Pahang, at elevation of around 1500 m. This species was subsequently discovered at Fraser’s Hill, 100 km away to the south of the Cameron Highlands. The southernmost encounter of this species was at Genting Highlands (an unreported bite incident). It has been found at elevation ranging from 1000 to 1500 m and is mainly distributed along the central part of the Titiwangsa mountain range, and has been more recently found in southern Thailand (Das, 2012).
Trimeresurus nebularis males can attain about 100 cm, while females reach at least 95 cm. It has a robust and cylindrical body, the head and the neck can easily be distinguished; it’s pupil is vertical within a yellowish green or green iris. The body dorsum is bright green, with a hint of blue. The upper labials scales are usually bluish-green, while the throat and chin are yellowish green. Ventrolateral stripe and postocular streak are typically absent. The tail is green laterally and its vertebral region rusty brown, with a sharp line in between (Sumontha et al., 2011). Birds and small mammals are likely to be part of its diet (Wong, 2018).
Trimeresurus nebularis is venomous and its bite can potentially cause coagulopathy (bleeding disorder) in humans. It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, due to its limited distribution, reaching a maximum of roughly 6,600 km² area in central highlands of Peninsular Malaysia (Grismer, 2012).
Habits
| No | Part | Habit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
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Venomous — Capable of injecting venom by means of a bite or sting.
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Habitats
| No | Description | Suitability | Seasonality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Forest → Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Forest
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Suitable | Unknown |
Assessment
| Year Published | Assessment | Red List Category | Version |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Vulnerable (VU)
Peninsular Malaysia
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3.1 |
| 2012 | IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
Vulnerable (VU)
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3.1 |
Emergency Contact
Biodiversity Experts
| Profile | |
|---|---|
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Amirrudin Bin Ahmad (Dr.)
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)
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Amphibians, Dragonflies and Damselflies, Fishes, Reptiles,
Biodiversity, Data Analysis, Digital Sequence Information (DSI), Living Modified Organism (LMO), Marine & Coastal, Protected Areas & Invasive Alien Species
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Chen Pelf Nyok (Dr.)
Turtle Conservation Society of Malaysia (TCS)
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Turtle, Tortoise, and Terrapin (Ecology), Reptiles (Ecology),
Biodiversity, Conservation, Education & Environment
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Kaviarasu Munian (Mr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
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Reptiles (Ecology), Amphibians (Ecology), Fishes (Ecology),
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Lim Boo Liat (Dr.)
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Reptiles (Ecology), Rodents (Ecology), Amphibians (Ecology),
Biodiversity, Ecosystems & Invasive Alien Species
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Mohammad Shahfiz Azman (Mr.)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
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Amphibians, Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles,
Awareness, Biodiversity, Conservation, Ecosystems, Environment, Forest, Landscape, Law and Policy, Management, Protected Areas, Science, Systematics, Invasive Alien Species, Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries (LMMC), National Policy on Biological Diversity, Policy, Research and Development (R&D) & Zoonotic
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Mohd Abdul Muin Bin Md Akil (Mr.)
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)
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Amphibians, Birds, Reptiles, Snakes,
Biodiversity, Conservation, Evolution, Genetics, Molecular, Protected Areas, Climate Change & Invasive Alien Species
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Mohd Uzair Rusli (Assoc. Prof. Dr.)
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Turtle, Tortoise, and Terrapin, Reptiles,
Conservation, Data Analysis, Ecology & Marine & Coastal
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Mohd Zulfadli Bin Mohd Arshad (Mr.)
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN)
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Rodents (Taxonomy), Reptiles,
Molecular, Biodiversity & Science
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Norhayati Binti Ahmad (Prof. Dr.)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
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Frogs and Toads, Snakes, Amphibians, Reptiles,
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Teo Eng Wah (Dr.)
University of Malaya (UM)
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Reptiles, Amphibians,
Invasive Alien Species
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References
- Chan, K.O., Mohd Abdul Muin, M.A., Shahrul Anuar, M.S., Andam, J., Razak, N. & Aziz, M.A. (2019). First checklist on the amphibians and reptiles of Mount Korbu, the second highest peak in Peninsular Malaysia. Checklist 15 (6), 1055-1069. https://doi.org/10.15560/15.6.1055 — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Lee Grismer, L., Wood Jr., P.L., Quah, E.S.H., Shahrul Anuar, M.S., Mohd Abdul Muin, M.A., Sumontha, M., Norhayati, A., Bauer, A.M., Wangkulangkul, S., Pauwels, O.S.G & Grismer, J.L. (2012). A Phylogeny and Taxonomy of The Thai-Malay Peninsula Bent-Toed Geckos of The Cyrtodactylus pulchellus Complex (Squamata: Gekkonidae): Combined Morphological and Molecular Analyses with Descriptions of Seven New Species. Zootaxa 3520, 1-55
- Marshall, B.M., Strine, C & Hughes, A.C. (2020). Thousands of reptile species threatened by under-regulated global trade. Nature Communications (11). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18523-4 — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Qamruddin, R.M., Safferi, R.S., Mohamed@Ismail, Z., Salleh, M.S., Abd Hamid, M.N.H., Frederic Ng, V.E.R., Goh, W.C. & Ismail, A.K. (2023). Frequency, geographical distribution and outcomes of pit viper bites in Malaysia consulted to Remote Envenomation Consultancy Services (RECS) from 2017 to 2020. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, e0011569. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011569
- Tan, C.H., Tan, K.Y., Ng, T.S., Quah, E.S.H., Ismail, A.K., Khomvilai, S., Sitprija, V. & Tan, N.H. (2019). Venomics of Trimeresurus (Popeia) nebularis, the Cameron Highlands Pit Viper from Malaysia: Insights into Venom Proteome, Toxicity and Neutralization of Antivenom. Toxins, 11(2): 95. . https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11020095
- Vogel, G., David, P. & Pauwels, O.S.G (2004). A review of morphological variation in Trimeresurus popeiorum (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 727, 1-63. https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.727.1.1
- Guideline: Management of Snakebite, 2017. Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Panduan Pengendalian Reptilia Berbisa (Ular). Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia. pp. 75.
- Charlton, T. (2020). A Guide to Snakes of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Natural History Publication (Borneo) Sdn Bhd, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. pp. 264-266; 300 pg.
- Das, I. (2010). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Asia. New Holland Publishers (UK), England. pp. 369.
- Das, I. (2012). A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of South-east Asia : Including Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, England. pp. 70-71; 160 pg.
- Ismail, A.K., Teo, E.W., Das, I., Vasaruchapong, T. & Weinstein, S.A. (2017). Land Snakes of Medical Significance in Malaysia. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Putrajaya, Malaysia. pp. 80. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ] — [ | eBook (EPUB) ]
- Ismail, A.K., Teo, E.W., Das, I., Vasaruchapong, T. & Weinstein, S.A. (2022). Land Snakes of Medical Significance in Malaysia. 3rd Edition. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia. pp. 87. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Norhayati, A., Daicus, B. & Chan, K.O. (2021). Ular Darat Malaysia / Land Snakes of Malaysia. Penerbit UKM, Malaysia. pp. 100.
- Das, I. & Norsham, S.Y. (2007). Status of Knowledge of The Malaysia Herpetofauna. In Chua, L.S.L., Kirton, L.G. & Saw, L.G. (Eds.), Status of Biological Diversity in Malaysia and Threat Assessment of Plant Species in Malaysia: Proceedings of the Seminar and Workshop, 28-30 June 2005. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). pp. 31-81.
- Das, I., Norhayati, A. & Lim, B.L. (2015). Venomous Terrestrial Snakes of Malaysia: Their Identity and Biology. In Gopalakrishnakone, P., Faiz, M.A., Fernando, R., Gnanathasan, C.A., Habib, A.G. & Yang, C.-C. (Eds.), Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa. Springer. pp. 53-69. — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
- Ismail, A.K. (2015). Snakebite and Envenomation Management in Malaysia. In Gopalakrishnakone, P., Faiz, M.A., Fernando, R., Gnanathasan, C.A., Habib, A.G. & Yang, C.-C. (Eds.), Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa. Springer. pp. 71-102.
- Di Dario, F.IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved November 30, 2016, from http://www.iucnredlist.org
- Grismer, L. (2012). Popeia nebularis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T192154A2048042. Retrieved December 24, 2021, from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T192154A2048042.en
- Uetz, P., Freed, P. & Hosek, J.The Reptile Database. Retrieved April 25, 2017, from http://www.reptile-database.org
- Uetz, P., Freed, P. & Hosek, J. (2020). Trimeresurus nebularis Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004. The Reptile Database. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Trimeresurus&species=nebularis
- Wong, S. (January 2018). Pit Vipers of Malaysia. Malaysian Nature Society (MNS). Retrieved December 24, 2021, from https://www.mns.my/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PA-Jan-2018.pdf
- Tan, K.K. & Nurfarhana-Hizan, H. (2022). Some Endemic Species in Malaysia — [ Adobe PDF (PDF) ]
Publications
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Acknowledgements :- Mr. Abdul Razak Mohd Nor Rasid, Mr. Ahmad Amir Firdaus Bin Mad Apandi, Ms. Ajla Rafidah Baharom, Mrs. Aziemah Binti Kinan, Mr. Badrul Amin Bin Jaffar, Ms. Norazah Binti Norddin, Mrs. Nur Hazwanie Binti Abd Halim, Ms. Nurfadzilah Bt Azmi, Mrs. Nurfarhana Hizan Binti Hijas, Mr. Tan Kok Kiat & Mr. Yasser Mohamed Arifin
Photo credit :- Chan Kin Onn, Dr Teo Eng Wah & Norhayati Binti Ahmad
Species Citation :- Trimeresurus nebularis. Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). Accessed via https://www.mybis.gov.my/sp/58162. [Retrieved 25 April 2024].
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